Introduction
Article 214 of the Indian Constitution establishes the foundation of the state-level judiciary in India. It clearly states that every state must have its own High Court. This provision ensures that justice is not centralized only at the national level but is easily available within each state. By mandating a High Court for every state, Article 214 strengthens the rule of law and supports India’s federal structure.
This article forms part of Chapter V of Part VI of the Constitution, which deals with High Courts in the states. Together, Articles 214 to 231 create a unified yet flexible judicial system across the country.
Why Is Article 214 Important for the Indian Judicial System?
Article 214 plays a crucial role in maintaining judicial federalism. It balances power between the Union and the states by allowing states to have their own constitutional courts. These courts protect fundamental rights, interpret laws, and supervise lower courts within the state.
The presence of High Courts at the state level also makes justice more accessible. Citizens do not need to approach the Supreme Court in Delhi for every issue. Instead, they can seek remedies within their own state, saving time and resources.
What Does the Text of Article 214 Say?
The wording of Article 214 is short and direct. It states:
“There shall be a High Court for each State.”
This simple sentence carries deep constitutional meaning. It confirms that the existence of High Courts is not optional. It is a constitutional requirement. The article was adopted on June 6, 1949, during the Constituent Assembly debates, and came into force on January 26, 1950.
How Does Article 214 Fit into the Constitutional Framework?
Article 214 works as the starting point of the High Court system. While it creates the courts, other articles explain how they function. Articles 215 to 231 deal with matters such as composition, appointment of judges, jurisdiction, powers, and the possibility of shared High Courts.
Together, these provisions ensure uniformity in judicial standards while allowing flexibility based on regional needs.
Can One High Court Serve More Than One State?
Yes, Article 214 allows this through Article 231. Parliament can establish a common High Court for two or more states or Union Territories. This arrangement is useful where states are smaller or closely connected.
Examples include the Punjab and Haryana High Court and the Gauhati High Court, which serves several northeastern states. Even in such cases, the authority and powers of the High Court remain the same as those of a single-state High Court.
How Are High Court Judges Appointed Under Related Articles?
Although Article 214 creates High Courts, Article 216 explains their composition. Each High Court consists of a Chief Justice and other judges as determined by the President of India.
Article 217 lays down the appointment process. Judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the state, and the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned. This process ensures independence of the judiciary and reduces political influence.
How Has Article 214 Evolved Over Time?
Originally, Article 214 was known as Draft Article 191. It contained references to existing High Courts such as Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. It also included transitional provisions for provinces under British rule.
After independence, these references were removed to simplify the Constitution. The final version applied uniformly to all states. The Constituent Assembly adopted it without major debate, showing broad agreement on the need for strong state-level courts.
What Role Do High Courts Play Under Article 214?
High Courts act as constitutional guardians within their states. They protect fundamental rights, interpret laws, and ensure that government actions follow the Constitution. They also supervise district and subordinate courts.
Through writ jurisdiction under Article 226, High Courts provide remedies against violations of rights. This power makes them a vital link between citizens and constitutional justice.
How Does Article 214 Promote Access to Justice?
By ensuring a High Court in every state, Article 214 brings justice closer to the people. Litigants can approach courts in their own region and language. This reduces delays and increases trust in the legal system.
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Conclusion
Article 214 represents the idea that justice must be local, independent, and constitutional. It guarantees that every state has a High Court to protect rights and uphold the law. By combining simplicity with strength, Article 214 remains a cornerstone of India’s democratic and judicial system.
