Introduction
Language plays a vital role in parliamentary democracy because it shapes how ideas are expressed, debated, and recorded. In a diverse country like India, where hundreds of languages are spoken, the Constitution had to strike a careful balance between inclusivity and practicality. Article 120 of the Constitution of India addresses this challenge by laying down clear rules about the language to be used in Parliament. This provision ensures smooth legislative functioning while respecting India’s linguistic diversity. At the same time, it prevents confusion and disorder during parliamentary proceedings. Understanding Article 120 helps in appreciating how constitutional design supports effective communication in the highest law-making body of the country.
Constitutional Meaning of Article 120
Article 120 specifies the language to be used for conducting business in Parliament. It states that proceedings in Parliament shall ordinarily take place in Hindi or English. This means Members of Parliament may speak, debate, and participate in discussions using either of these two languages. However, the Article also provides flexibility. With the prior permission of the presiding officer, a member who cannot adequately express themselves in Hindi or English may speak in their mother tongue. Thus, Article 120 balances uniformity with inclusiveness.
Use of Hindi and English in Parliamentary Proceedings
Hindi and English serve as the principal languages of Parliament because they ensure wider comprehension among members and maintain consistency in legislative records. Most official documents, bills, and debates are prepared and preserved in these languages. English continues to play a significant role due to its historical usage and its importance in legal and administrative matters. Meanwhile, Hindi reflects India’s cultural identity and constitutional vision of promoting Indian languages. Through Article 120, the Constitution allows both languages to coexist without giving exclusive dominance to either.
Permission to Use Mother Tongue
One of the most inclusive features of Article 120 is the allowance for members to speak in their mother tongue with the permission of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. This provision acknowledges that effective representation sometimes requires expression in a language closest to the speaker. It also ensures that linguistic barriers do not silence voices from different regions. However, such permission remains discretionary and aims to maintain order and understanding in the House. Therefore, the provision encourages diversity without disrupting parliamentary efficiency.
Role of the Presiding Officer
The presiding officer plays a crucial role in implementing Article 120. The Speaker or Chairman decides whether to grant permission to a member to speak in a language other than Hindi or English. Their decision helps maintain balance between inclusiveness and clarity. Additionally, they ensure that translations or summaries are available when required so that other members can follow the discussion. In this way, Article 120 strengthens the authority of presiding officers while supporting orderly debate.
Constitutional Significance of Article 120
Article 120 reflects India’s commitment to unity in diversity. It recognizes linguistic plurality while ensuring that Parliament functions smoothly. By limiting the official languages to Hindi and English, the Article avoids procedural chaos. At the same time, by allowing the use of mother tongues with permission, it respects democratic representation. This approach aligns with the broader constitutional philosophy of accommodation and compromise.
Judicial Perspective
Courts generally treat matters related to parliamentary language as internal proceedings of Parliament. Judicial intervention remains rare unless a constitutional violation occurs. Since Article 120 clearly defines the language framework, disputes seldom arise in this area. As a result, the provision operates effectively without frequent legal challenges.
Conclusion
Article 120 of the Constitution of India provides a practical and inclusive framework for the language of Parliament. It ensures clarity, consistency, and efficiency by recognizing Hindi and English as the primary languages of parliamentary business. At the same time, it respects India’s linguistic diversity by allowing members to speak in their mother tongue with permission. Through this balanced approach, Article 120 strengthens democratic participation and supports the effective functioning of Parliament.
