Code:
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A person abets an offence, who abets either the commission of an offence, or the commission of an act which would be an offence, if committed by a person capable by law of committing an offence with the same intention or knowledge as that of the abettor. Explanation 1.—The abetment of the illegal omission of an act may amount to an offence although the abettor may not himself be bound to do that act. Explanation 2.—To constitute the offence of abetment it is not necessary that the act abetted should be committed, or that the effect requisite to constitute the offence should be caused. Illustrations (a) A instigates B to murder C. B refuses to do so. A is guilty of abetting B to commit murder. (b) A instigates B to murder D. B in pursuance of the instigation stabs D. D recovers from the wound. A is guilty of instigating B to commit murder. Explanation 3.—It is not necessary that the person abetted should be capable by law of committing an offence, or that he should have the same guilty intention or knowledge as that of the abettor, or any guilty intention or knowledge. Illustrations (a) A, with a guilty intention, abets a child or a lunatic to commit an act which would be an offence, if committed by a person capable by law of committing an offence, and having the same intention as A. Here A, whether the act be committed or not, is guilty of abetting an offence. (b) A, with the intention of murdering Z, instigates B, a child under seven years of age, to do an act which causes Z’s death. B, in consequence of the abetment, does the act in the absence of A and thereby causes Z’s death. Here, though B was not capable by law of committing an offence, A is liable to be punished in the same manner as if B had been capable by law of committing an offence, and had committed murder, and he is therefore subject to the punishment of death. (c) A instigates B to set fire to a dwelling-house. B, in consequence of the unsoundness of his mind, being incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is wrong or contrary to law, sets fire to the house in consequence of A’s instigation. B has committed no offence, but A is guilty of abetting the offence of setting fire to a dwelling-house, and is liable to the punishment provided for that offence. (d) A, intending to cause a theft to be committed, instigates B to take property belonging to Z out of Z’s possession. A induces B to believe that the property belongs to A. B takes the property out of Z’s possession, in good faith, believing it to be A’s property. B, acting under this misconception, does not take dishonestly, and therefore does not commit theft. But A is guilty of abetting theft, and is liable to the same punishment as if B had committed theft. Explanation 4.—The abetment of an offence being an offence, the abetment of such an abetment is also an offence. Illustration A instigates B to instigate C to murder Z. B accordingly instigates C to murder Z, and C commits that offence in consequence of B’s instigation. B is liable to be punished for his offence with the punishment for murder; and, as A instigated B to commit the offence, A is also liable to the same punishment. Explanation 5.—It is not necessary to the commission of the offence of abetment by conspiracy that the abettor should concert the offence with the person who commits it. It is sufficient if he engages in the conspiracy in pursuance of which the offence is committed. Illustration A concerts with B a plan for poisoning Z. It is agreed that A shall administer the poison. B then explains the plan to C mentioning that a third person is to administer the poison, but without mentioning A’s name. C agrees to procure the poison, and procures and delivers it to B for the purpose of its being used in the manner explained. A administers the poison; Z dies in consequence. Here, though A and C have not conspired together, yet C has been engaged in the conspiracy in pursuance of which Z has been murdered. C has therefore committed the offence defined in this section and is liable to the punishment for murder. |
Explanation:
Section 108 IPC states that whoever, intending to cause, or knowing that he is likely to cause, by his instigation, any person to do a thing which is an offense against this Code, instigates that person to do that thing, is an abettor of the offense.
- Instigation: This refers to the act of provoking, urging, or encouraging another person to commit a crime. It involves a deliberate and active role in influencing the other person’s decision.
- Intending to cause or knowing it is likely to cause: The abettor must have the intention or knowledge that their instigation will lead to the commission of the offense.
- Offense against this Code: The act instigated must be an offense defined under the Indian Penal Code.
- Abettor: The person who instigates the crime is considered an abettor.
Illustration:
Consider a scenario where person A convinces person B to steal a car. Person A tells person B that the car is not valuable and encourages them to take it. Person B, influenced by A’s instigation, steals the car. In this case, Person A would be considered an abettor under Section 108 IPC because they instigated the crime of theft.
Common Questions and Answers:
Q: What is the difference between abetment and conspiracy?
A: While both involve encouraging or aiding in the commission of a crime, abetment typically focuses on instigating a specific act, while conspiracy involves a more collaborative and planned effort to commit a crime.
Q: Can mere words constitute abetment?
A: Yes, if the words are intended to instigate the commission of an offense and are likely to cause the person to commit the offense, they can constitute abetment.
Q: What is the punishment for abetment?
A: The punishment for abetment is generally the same as the punishment for the offense that was abetted. The severity of the punishment depends on the nature of the offense.
