The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 allows consumers and other authorized bodies to file complaints for protection of their rights. The Act also defines clear jurisdictional limits through Sections 34, 47, and 58 to ensure proper forum selection. Let us have a look at who can file a consumer complaint understand that circumstances.

Who Can File a Complaint

Section 2(5) of the Act explains who can approach consumer forums. A consumer who buys or hires goods or services for consideration has the right to file a complaint. A recognized voluntary consumer association can also file, even if the complainant is not its member. The Central or State Government can file complaints in their official or representative capacity. A group of consumers with the same interest can file jointly. If a consumer dies, legal heirs or representatives can also take action.

Jurisdiction of Consumer Commissions

Jurisdiction depends on the value of goods or services paid. Section 34 gives the District Commission the authority to hear cases where the value does not exceed fifty lakhs. Moreover, Section 47 gives the State Commission power to handle cases above fifty lakhs and up to two crores. Section 58 grants the National Commission the power to hear cases valued above two crores. The Supreme Court has upheld that jurisdiction is decided on the basis of the amount paid for goods or services, not the compensation claimed. This ruling ensures clarity and uniformity in forum selection.

What Is The Time Limit For Complaints

Consumers must file complaints within two years from the date of cause of action. However, commissions can allow delays if justified. The Act also promotes accessibility by allowing online filing of complaints, making the process faster and consumer-friendly.
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Conclusion

Any consumer, association, government body, or legal heir can file a complaint under the Act. The value of goods or services paid decides whether the case belongs to the District, State, or National Commission. This structure ensures fairness, accessibility, and consistency in consumer redressal.